托福综合写作之阅读材料归纳总结技巧
在托福写作备考的过程中，词汇和思维枯竭往往是我们学生最容易遇到的备考问题。那么，想要跨越这些障碍，我们又该做些什么呢?下面我们就为大家带来托福综合写作之阅读材料归纳总结技巧，希望能为大家备考带来帮助。
托福综合写作之阅读材料归纳总结技巧
对于托福写作里面的第一道大餐，很多同学都有这样的误解：阅读材料因为会在考试过程中出现两次，并且在最后文章的写作当中，并不需要太多的阅读的细节，所以在阅读的时候只需要在确定了开头段的中心论点之后，对后面三个分类点的阅读内容，只集中在topic sentence上面就可以了。这实际上是一个误区，因为对阅读材料的把控，会直接影响到后面听力的结果。简单说来，就是阅读材料把握越好，听力内容往往能把握得更准确，细节也更为充分。下面想要和大家分享到 的，是April在托福综合写作的教学工程中总结出来的阅读材料的解构方法，希望能对备考托福综合写作的同学有一些帮助。
二. 阅读开头段的解构
1. 阅读开头： 综合写作的开头段，一般会先引出本篇文章话题，不管是什么题材的题目，都会有话题引入的部分。我们阅读开头段主要目的是获取题目的中心论点。
请看?个官方真题Official的开头例?：
对应考题举例：官方真题Official10
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.
对应考题举例：官方真题Official6
Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.
大家不难发现，不管是采取哪种方式开头，有一点我们可以确定，就是阅读开头段的中心论点，一定出现在该段的段末。但是大家一定不要就以此为依据考试过程中只读最后一句，应为综合写作涉及的题材广泛，只有整体把控，才能理解得最为准确。
2. 阅读材料中间段：总体说来，阅读材料的中间段是以并列形式出现的，所以三个段落的解构方式也是一样的。大部分题目的中间段是以一个topic sentence 开头的，所以很多同学坚持认为阅读看看开头句就好。实际上，对于大部分考试来说，三分钟去读这篇阅读文章，时间是非常充分的，那么考生应该做的是好好利用这个时间，对中间段的内容通读一篇，解构的要点有两个，一是要找出论证的角度，这有利于推测听力材料的论证逻辑，其次是要通读过后找出论证里面的逻辑链，这是最后我们在写作文章时，直接需要的东西。
请看官方真题Official里面节选出来的中间段：
对应考题举例：官方真题Official10
Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales
解析：论证角度：同类型海洋生物的死亡
逻辑链“：同类型海洋生物死亡 ←污染导致的生态破坏/widely occurring predators→orcas only hunt much larger prey→只能是污染导致sea otters 数量下降
这个题目，如果只看开头段，就会忽略到orcas 这样的一种可能性，而后面的听力材料，正是从这个角度求展开反驳的。可想而知，如果只看开头段，既回使自己听力逻辑不完整，也会使自己的听力很难听明白。
对应考题举例：官方真题Official6
First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that non-specialists cannot really achieve
解析：论证角度：inaccuracy of online encyclopedia
论证逻辑：lack academic credentials→inaccurate contributions
这个题目的角度很明确，逻辑很清晰。把握住这两点之后，我们可以确定听力材料一定会从inaccuracy of online encyclopedia 这一点展开反驳，这样我们在听的过程中，可以不用纠结听力的论证角度和逻辑，重点放到细节上面，使自己听力材料能把握得更为充分。
总而言之，托福综合写作在材料的解构过程中，我们需要把握“统筹全局，重点突破”的这个要点。所谓统筹全局，就是文章尽量不要挑重点来读，一定要通读一遍，这样把握的信息才准确，逻辑才可能完整。重点突破的含义就是我们在把握住整体文章之后，重点看开头段的结尾句，以及中间段的开头句，并以此为依据，成为我们在最后写作过程中呈现出来的内容。
托福写作分类话题词汇——媒体篇
Media
curiosity 好奇心
dependable/trustworthy 值得信赖的
coverage 覆盖面
make headlines, newsworthy 成为头版头条; 有新闻价值的
informative, entertaining 信息量大的; 娱乐的
privacy, violate/intrude on/infringe on someone's privacy 隐私; 侵犯某人隐私
ratings 评分
go viral /all the rage 变得流行
journalists/the press 记者;报刊，新闻界
groupies, icon, make a splash 追星族; 偶像; 产生轰动
clarify, censorship 澄清; 审查
blow things out of proportion, exaggerate things 夸大事实
commercial, flyer, billboard, poster, tabloid 电视广告; 传单; 广告牌;海报;小报
quiz show, reality show, talk show, variety show 智力竞争节目; 真人秀; 脱口秀; 综艺节目
sitcom, soap opera, current affairs 情景喜剧; 肥皂剧; 实事
the print media/the electronic media 纸媒; 电子媒体
be awash with/be inundated with/be saturated with sth. 被……所充斥
delete/eliminate/excise 删除
excessive/gratuitous violent and pornographic contents 过量的暴力和色情内容
misleading/misrepresented/distorted 误导的，扭曲的
celebrities, scandals 名人;丑闻
up‐to-?date/up‐to-?the-?minute 新的
code of ethics/code of conduct 道德准则，行为准则
ubiquitous/prevalent 无所不在的
high-profile, low-?profile 高调，低调
fabricated, absurd/ludicrous 编造的;荒谬的
托福写作分类话题词汇——家庭篇
Family
elderly people 老年人
family bonds 家庭纽带
family values 家庭价值
strengthen/reinforce 加强
sibling 兄弟姐妹
cousin 表亲
personality clash 性格冲突
household appliances 家用设备(电器等)
generation gap 代沟
neighborhood 邻居
blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水
a sense of belonging 归属感
an attachment to sth. 对某事的执着和喜爱
single-parent households 单亲家庭
domestic violence 家庭暴力
harmony 和谐
托福写作分类话题词汇——交通篇
Transportation
treacherous road conditions 危险的道路环境
public transit 公共交通
drunk driving 酒后驾驶
means of transportation 交通方式
vehicle 交通工具
densely-populated 人口密集的
be squished up 被挤得跟沙丁鱼似的
impose higher taxes on 在……上课以重税
metropolitan 大都市的
underpass 地下通道
overpass 天桥
steam-driven 蒸汽驱动的
petrol-driven 石油驱动的
hydrogen-driven 氢气驱动的
chaotic 混乱的
